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The DREAM Act (acronym for Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) is an American legislative proposal for a multi-phase process for undocumented immigrants in the United States that would first grant conditional residency and upon meeting further qualifications, permanent residency. The bill was first introduced in the Senate on August 1, 2001, by Dick Durbin and Orrin Hatch,〔http://naid.ucla.edu/uploads/4/2/1/9/4219226/no_dreamers_left_behind.pdf〕 and has since been reintroduced several times (see legislative history) but has failed to pass. Requirements for conditional resident status〔()〕 *person must have proof that they entered United States before the age of 16 and must have continuously lived in the country for at least 5 years *must have graduated from a United States high school or obtained a GED *person demonstrates good moral character *pass criminal background checks and reviews After having obtained and held conditional resident status, permanent residency may be granted if the following requirements have been met in a period of six years. Requirements for permanent residency〔()〕 *have attended an institution of higher learning or served in the United States military for at least 2 years and if discharged, have received an honorable discharge *pass another series of background checks *continue to demonstrate good moral character If these requirements are not fulfilled the conditional resident will lose their legal status and be subject to deportation. 〔()〕 Supporters argue that the Act would not create an "amnesty program" and would produce a variety of social and economic benefits, while critics contend that it would reward undocumented individuals and encourage more of it, inviting fraud and shielding gang members from deportation. ==Background== Members of Congress have introduced several forms of this bill in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Members in the House passed one such bill on December 8, 2010 by a vote of 216-198;〔(House vote advances the Dream Act - politics - Capitol Hill - msnbc.com )〕 Senators debated a version of the DREAM Act on September 21, 2010. A previous version of the bill, , which required 60 votes to gain cloture, failed on a 52-44 vote in 2007, 8 votes short of overcoming a filibuster by senators opposed to the bill.〔(U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records: Roll Call Vote )〕 The United States military faced challenges in enlistment, which in 2005 were described as a "crisis",〔("US lowers standards in army numbers crisis" )〕 though the economic downturn of 2007-2010 did away with many of the enlistment challenges. Immigrants without a United States Permanent Resident Card (also known as a green card) are not allowed to enlist. In 2007, several senior officials at the Department of Defense have spoken in favor of promising resident status to members of the military as a means of boosting recruitment.〔(Wall Street Journal "Bill Offers U.S. Citizenship for Military Service" )〕 l DREAM Act beneficiaries must: *Not have entered the United States on a non-immigrant Visa. *Have proof of having arrived in the United States before age 16.〔(DREAM Act of 2009 Sec.4 (a)(1)(A) )〕 *Have proof of residence in the United States for at least five consecutive years since their date of arrival. *If male, have registered with the Selective Service. *Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time of bill enactment. *Have graduated from an American high school, obtained a GED, or been admitted to an institution of higher education. *Be of good moral character.〔("What is Good Moral Character?" )〕 During the first six years, qualifying people would be granted "conditional" status and would be required to (a) graduate from a two-year community college or (b) complete at least two years towards a four-year degree or (c) serve two years in the US military. After this six-year period, those who meet at least one of these three conditions would be eligible to apply for permanent resident status. During this six-year conditional period, they would not be eligible for federal higher education grants such as Pell grants but they would be able to apply for student loans and work study. If they have met all of the conditions at the end of the 6-year conditional period, they would be granted permanent residency, which would eventually allow them to become U.S. citizens.〔(DREAM Act of 2009 Sec.5 (c) & (d) )〕 It is not known how many of those eligible would go on to complete the further requirements. One organization estimated that only 7,000–13,000 college students nationally can fulfill the further obligations.〔(Further Demographic Information Relating to theDREAM Act ), The Urban Institute, October 21, 2003.〕 A different analysis found that over 2 million individuals could benefit under the Act.〔(DREAM Act Offers Amnesty to 2.1 Million, Center for Immigration Studies )〕 The bill also restores the option for states to determine residency for purposes of higher education benefits by repealing Section 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 (.〔 The majority of states interpret this provision as disqualifying undocumented students from certain higher education benefits such as in-state tuition rates. Some states have enacted laws aimed at making unauthorized state residents eligible for in-state tuition rates without violating this IIRIRA provision.〔Feder, J. (2010). Unauthorized alien students, higher education, and in-state tuition rates: a legal analysis. RS22500. Congressional Research Service.〕 However, some students paying out-of-state tuition have filed lawsuits in these states, claiming state education officials violated this federal law. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「DREAM Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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